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Stukas (film)
''Stukas'' is a 1941 Nazi propaganda film, directed by Karl Ritter and starring Carl Raddatz, which follows three squadrons of Luftwaffe dive-bomber (Stuka) flyers.
==Plot and themes==
The plot largely alternates between combat and lulls in combat,〔Rother, (p. 357 ).〕 with the exception of two narratives. In one, three of the flyers who have been shot down behind enemy lines make their way back to the German position, finally succeeding after one of them manages to talk a French unit into capitulating.〔Rother, pp. (358 )–(59 ).〕 In the other, a shell-shocked flyer whose doctor has prescribed "a profound experience" recovers the will to fight when he hears "Siegfried's Rhine Journey" during a performance of Wagner's ''Götterdämmerung'' at the Bayreuth Festival.〔Rother, (p. 358 ).〕〔Richard Grunberger, ''A Social History of the Third Reich'', London: Weidenfeld, 1971, ISBN 9780297002949, p. 386.〕〔Howard K. Smith, ''Last Train from Berlin'', New York: Knopf, 1942, , (p. 157 ), quoted in Rolf Giesen, ''Nazi Propaganda Films: A History and Filmography'', Jefferson, North Carolina / London: McFarland, 2003, ISBN 9780786415564, (p. 82 ).〕〔 (He has a flashback to his commander and the chief medical officer playing the same passage four-handed on the piano.〔Erwin Leiser, ''Nazi Cinema'', tr. Gertrud Mander and David Wilson, London: Secker & Warburg, 1974, ISBN 9780436097089, pp. 66–(67 ).〕〔See also David Stewart Hull, ''Film in the Third Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 1933–1945'', Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California, 1969, , p. 189 and (Stukas (Nazi propaganda film, 1941) - director: Karl Ritter ), Wagner in Movies, Wagneropera.net, retrieved 31 October 2012. Grunberger erroneously refers to "the Great March from Wagner's ''Siegfried''", Smith simply to "the middle of the first act".〕〔Laurence A. Rickels, ''Nazi Psychoanalysis'' Volume 3 ''Psy Fi'', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2002, ISBN 9780816637003, (p. 158 ).〕) The film ends with them in flight on their way to attack England.
''Stukas'' is an example of the Nazi contemporary film, or ''Zeitfilm'', a type which Ritter, the scriptwriter and director, largely invented and championed as an answer to Russian revolutionary films.〔Rother, (p. 351 ).〕 The film was commissioned by the Luftwaffe and presents participation in war as a joy.〔〔Wolf Donner, "'Stukas', (1941)", in ''Propaganda und Film im 'Dritten Reich'', ed. Jeanine Meerapfel, Berlin: TIP, 1995, pp. 103–06 , p. 104: "Ein Film über die Liebe zum Krieg. Der Kampf ist eine Art Gemeinschaftsvergnügen" - "A film about the love of war. Battle is a kind of shared pleasure".〕 As a contemporary critic wrote, "Sheer enthusiasm transfigures the danger.... For (dashing leader of the Bull's Squadron ), ... fight is like intoxication, while for the squadron's captain of the 'cavaliers,' ... it is the elixir of life; for the captain of the Ninth, ... it is spirit, distance, concentration."〔Dr. Günther Sawatzki, quoted in translation in Giesen, pp. 79, 81.〕 Howard K. Smith wrote more disapprovingly in ''Last Train from Berlin'': "It was a ... film about a bunch of obstreperous adolescents who dive-bombed things and people. They bombed everything and everybody. That was all the whole film was".〔〔Hull, p. 188.〕〔Michael Paris, ''From the Wright Brothers to 'Top Gun': Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema'', Manchester/New York: Manchester University, 1995, ISBN 9780719040733, (p. 151 ).〕 The film emphasises "comradeship and self sacrifice";〔Welch, (p. 214 ).〕 we are shown the young pilots learning to deal with comrades' deaths for the greater good.〔〔Rickels, (pp. 157–58 ).〕 As one character says to another, "(man ) doesn't really think about his comrades' death any more, only about what they died for".〔Leiser, p. 32.〕 Like other Nazi war films, it makes heavy use of song; in a famous scene at the end, the squadron leader informs his pilots of their new mission against England and its dangers, we then see them seated in their aircraft, and the camera zooms in on their faces and then cuts to the clouds as they begin "ecstatic()" to sing the "Stukaslied":Always prepared and ready to attack
We the Stukas, Stukas, Stukas.
We dive from the sky
We advance on—to defeat England!〔〔Giesen, pp. (82–84 ), with the German and a somewhat different translation.〕
The squadron members represent a range of types and backgrounds,〔Leiser, (p. 63 ).〕 from various different parts of the Reich, shown united; additionally, in the flying scenes the pilots' faces are photographed with a metallic greyish cast to suggest how they have become one with their aeroplanes.〔Rother, (pp. 363–64 ).〕
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